Alcohol 'more harmful than heroin' says Prof David Nutt

Alcohol is more harmful than heroin or crack when the overall dangers to the individual and society are considered, according to a study in the Lancet.

The report is co-authored by Professor David Nutt, the former government chief drugs adviser who was sacked in 2009.

It ranked 20 drugs on 16 measures of harm to users and to wider society.

Heroin, crack and crystal meth were deemed worst for individuals, with alcohol, heroin and crack cocaine worst for society, and alcohol worst overall.

The study by the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs also said tobacco and cocaine were judged to be equally harmful, while ecstasy and LSD were among the least damaging.

Harm score
Professor Nutt refused to leave the drugs debate when he was sacked from his official post by the former Labour Home Secretary, Alan Johnson.

He went on to form the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs, which says it aims to investigate the drug issue without any political interference.

One of its other members is Dr Les King, another former government adviser who quit over Prof Nutt's treatment.

Members of the group, joined by two other experts, scored each drug for harms including mental and physical damage, addiction, crime and costs to the economy and communities.
The study involved 16 criteria, including a drug's affects on users' physical and mental health, social harms including crime, "family adversities" and environmental damage, economic costs and "international damage".

'Valid and necessary'
The findings run contrary to the government's long-established drug classification system, but the paper's authors argue that their system - based on the consensus of experts - provides an accurate assessment of harm for policy makers.

"Our findings lend support to previous work in the UK and the Netherlands, confirming that the present drug classification systems have little relation to the evidence of harm," the paper says.


"They also accord with the conclusions of previous expert reports that aggressively targeting alcohol harms is a valid and necessary public health strategy."

In 2007, Prof Nutt and colleagues undertook a limited attempt to create a harm ranking system, sparking controversy over the criteria and the findings.

The new, more complex, system ranked alcohol as three times more harmful than cocaine or tobacco. Ecstasy was ranked as causing one-eighth the harm of alcohol.

It also contradicted the Home Office's decision to make the so-called legal high mephedrone a Class B drug, saying that alcohol was five times more harmful.

The rankings have been published to coincide with a conference on drugs policy, organised by Prof Nutt's committee.

'Extraordinary lengths'
Prof Nutt told the BBC: "Overall, alcohol is the most harmful drug because it's so widely used.

"Crack cocaine is more addictive than alcohol but because alcohol is so widely used there are hundreds of thousands of people who crave alcohol every day, and those people will go to extraordinary lengths to get it."

He said it was important to separate harm to individuals and harm to society.



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Government advisor Professor David Nutt likens the effects of alcohol to a range of other drugs including heroin.
The Lancet paper written by Prof Nutt, Dr King and Dr Lawrence Phillips, does not examine the harm caused to users by taking more than one drug at a time.

Gavin Partington, of the Wine and Spirit Trade Association, said alcohol abuse affected "a minority" who needed "education, treatment and enforcement".

Mr Partington, who is the spokesman for the Wine and Spirit Trade Association, said millions of people enjoyed alcohol "as part of a regular and enjoyable social drink".

"Clearly alcohol misuse is a problem in the country and our real fear is that, by talking in such extreme terms, Professor Nutt and his colleagues risk switching people off from considering the real issues and the real action that is needed to tackle alcohol misuse," he said.

"We are talking about a minority. We need to focus policy around that minority, which is to do with education, treatment and enforcement."

A Home Office spokesman said: "Our priorities are clear - we want to reduce drug use, crack down on drug-related crime and disorder and help addicts come off drugs for good."

watching television

In these days, amagic box that we call it television has lots of fans, but it has some advantages and disadvantages .
A good example of advantages is getting information from news,weather forcasting and so on
An other great use of tv is amusing your child by watching cartoon when you are busy.
some disadvantages of this magic box are:
First, because it has many different programs like:movies, documentries,science news and other stuff like these it might addicted you and waste your time.
Second, if you watch it from near of it's screen it might damage your eyes.
I think nearly 70 percent of people choose tv for spending their free time and entertaining themselves.
In my idea people prefer tv to radio, because radio has nothing to show and they will be tired by listening to it.

Payamenoor university

Nowdays,Payamenoor university availables much feasibilities for volunteers.This university in addition to contain all governmental university feasibilities,Due to having semi-present and non-present classes assemble that prepare people to work and study at the same time.In past,people tought the issue that perhaps there isn't any work market for them after graduation as soon as they heard the name of payamenoor.But in recent years ue to education quality improvement level and high knowledge masters' presence this idea has changed.

For some time now,This university begins to increase it's training units in all over the country to make the easier access for common people.For example:in Tehran province, Karaj, Shahriyar and other cities have seprate training units and people that live there coud refer to nearest unit easier.

In addition to the university availability,ther are other reasons which atract volunteers to the payamenoor.Perhaps the chief reason is optional classes that able students don't present at class.Second,this university doesn't have provisional pass so the lessons which had not passed will not impact the certificated and general average.

Payamenoor and other university have several charactristics in common.First,both of them are under the supervision of science ministry.Second,the students can take the units by the maximum of 20 units (below the 17 score) and maximum of 24 units (over the 17 score).

This university has other facilities as like online enrol,that the students able enrol through saving time and money for that purpose First, should enter the website. Then,do the enrol levels in the Golestan system and at last, take the enrol print.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology, proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper A Theory of Human Motivation. Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of humans' innate curiosity. His theories parallel many other theories of human developmental psychology, all of which focus on describing the stages of growth in humans.
-Physiological needs include:
Breathing
Food
Homeostasis
-Safety needs include:
Personal security
Financial security
Health and well-being
Safety net against accidents/illness and their adverse impacts
-Love and Belonging needs include:
After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, the third layer of human needs are social and involve feelings of belongingness.
Friendship
Intimacy
Family
-Esteem needs include:
All humans have a need to be respected and to have self-esteem and self-respect. Also known as the belonging need, esteem presents the normal human desire to be accepted and valued by others.
-Self-actualization need include:
This level of need pertains to what a person's full potential is and realizing that potential. Maslow describes this desire as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming. This is a broad definition of the need for self-actualization, but when applied to individuals the need is specific.

Nature versus nurture

relationship between innateness and environmental in Developmental psychology


A significant issue in developmental psychology is the relationship between innateness and environmental influence in regard to any particular aspect of development. This is often referred to as "nature versus nurture" or nativism versus empiricism. A nativist account of development would argue that the processes in question are innate, that is, they are specified by the organism's genes. An empiricist perspective would argue that those processes are acquired in interaction with the environment. Today developmental psychologists rarely take such extreme positions with regard to most aspects of development; rather they investigate, among many other things, the relationship between innate and environmental influences. One of the ways in which this relationship has been explored in recent years is through the emerging field of evolutionary developmental psychology

Forough Farrokhzad (Biography)

Forugh was born in Tehran to career military officer Colonel Mohammad Bagher Farrokhzad and his wife Touran Vaziri-Tabar in 1935. The third of seven children (Amir, Massoud, Mehrdad, Fereydoun Farrokhzad., Pouran, Gloria), she attended school until the ninth grade, then was taught painting and sewing at a girl's school for the manual arts. At age sixteen she was married to Parviz Shapour, an acclaimed satirist. Farrokhzad continued her education with classes in painting and sewing and moved with her husband to Ahvaz. A year later, she bore her only child, a son named Kamya

Within two years, in 1954, Farrokhzad and her husband divorced; Parviz won custody of the child. She moved back to Tehran to write poetry and published her first volume, entitled The Captive, in 1955.

. In 1958 she spent nine months in Europe and met film-maker and writer Ebrahim Golestan, who reinforced her own inclinations to express herself and live independently. She published two more volumes, The Wall and The Rebellion before traveling to Tabriz to make a film about Iranians affected by leprosy. This 1962 documentary film titled The House is Black won several international awards. During the twelve days of shooting, she became attached to Hossein Mansouri, the child of two lepers. She adopted the boy and brought him to live at her mother's house.

In 1963 she published Another Birth. Her poetry was now mature and sophisticated, and a profound change from previous modern Iranian poetic conventions.

At 4:30PM on February 13, 1967, Farrokhzad died in a car accident at age thirty-two. In order to avoid hitting a school bus, she swerved her Jeep, which hit a stone wall; she died before reaching the hospital.

Final (ladan Bagheri)

Bad and good habits
There are many habits among many of people. Some of them are good and other ones are bad. I want to write about two habits: exercise and smoking. Exercise is an example for good habits and smoking is an example for bad habits.
First smoking; some people used to smoking when they have problem. They think that smoking helps them and reduce their stresses. Indeed it is a psychological reaction and is not correct .Smoking among teenagers has increased rapidly because they think that it is a clue to grow up. But smoking badly causes health problems for others and themselves. Smoking is harmful for human body and damage human organism. It is a factor for many diseases, for instance heart disease and respiratory diseases. The most important disease is cancer. Annually outnumbered person die with the sick.
Also smoking is dangerous for pregnant woman and infant. There are many reasons why smoking is a bad habit, so we have to avoid the smoking.
Second, exercise:
Exercise is one of the best habits for people. There are many choices to do that. Some of them are professional and nonprofessional. Soccer, basketball, volleyball, ski and swimming are examples for professional exercises. Aerobic and general exercises are examples for nonprofessional. Some of the exercises are useful for calmness. Environment must be silent, like that yoga. So everyone can find suitable exercise for (him/her) self. With exercise we can enhance our body and our mind. The best time for exercise is early morning, but we can do it in other times. We can do it lonely or with our friends, and we can do it at home or at parks. We feel fresh by exercise.
First and second are tow habits. It is our choice that be safe and health or be sick and disease.

Ladan Bagheri

final parvaneh shabani

WE CAN SAVE OUR OWN LIFE
These days, kinds of diseases affect people healthy which should be considered as a serious issue. Diabetes, for instance, there is no cure for it, but it is often preventable and even reversible. It affects nearly 21 million men, women and children, a year in the United States. What’s the reason? Rising rates of obesity and physical inactivity (the condition strikes mainly overweight, sedentary people). In young people blood sugar levels are slightly elevated. A major reason for this is a deadly epidemic of diabetes.
From 1999 to 2009, the incidence of diabetes increased by 70% in people ages 30 to 39 and 40% in those 40 to 49. It’s now known as type2 diabetes, and it’s occurring at younger and younger ages, and it’s a warning for parents to take care of their children’s eating. One in three children in the United States will eventually become diabetic. People who are overweight have a much higher rate of diabetes. The condition affects just about every organ in the body. It reduces blood flow to our heart (leading to heart attacks), our brain (leading to strokes), our sexual organs (leading to impotence), and our legs and feet (leading to amputations). Diabetes may even raise the risk of Alzheimer. Diabetic eye disease is the leading of new cases of blindness in people ages 20 to 72. Studies show that, people with diabetes make too much insulin, which may cause inflammation, which may, in turn, result in brain damage. High level of insulin also causes a myeloid protein deposit to build up our brain interfering with its function.
There are some practical ways which can lead us to have a healthy life. First, we need enough of right food to provide energy for our daily activities, whereas our intake should be a little below normal. Next, it is a good idea to exercise and control our weight regularly. Moving just a little will result in living longer. In fact, exercising at a moderate intensity, even in short bursts of 10 minutes several times a day can improve our health and lengthen our life, recent researches suggest. And finally, no one is saying that we have to get super-fit work out, but any activity we enjoy doing is a good activity. Trying to keep a balance between intakes and burn off the calories and losing even 2 kilos can make a difference.
Parvaneh Shabani - 870021354

teaching kids is a different job!

The first thing that seems to be very crucial to be considered about the way of teaching is that the teacher should be an ideal person in the class,not pretending to be a good human, because the student would get the negative era easily.
The next thing that is worth to be mentioned is the parents' feed back,as they are the ones who do more care about the way of teaching. so you have to satisfied them!

going to university

We should go to university.
First, if we study we will have more knowledge.
Second, if we study we will have more friends.
Third, going to university will give us more self confidence.
Last, we will learn lots of things and the most important thing is that to understand the way of the living and what should we do to have the best life.
For example, from the beginning we know what is our job will be, because we have chosen our major before of going to the university.
UNIT 2 & 3
ASRA AGHAEE

traffic

Traffic is the big problem in TEHRAN.
We should control the traffic because if it will be continue we should spend half of our time in traffic and we will have more pollution in TEHRAN so we will be sick.
Because of that we should solve this big problem to be health and to have a more time.
UNIT 1
ASRA AGHAEE

I like Iran.
inasmuch as my ancestors lie in this land.
All of my familly live here.
every places that i have ever known remind me my childhood.
I like iran because i am proud of korosh who was the first person had written the plate of humans'right.
however it has crazy drivers i like to drive through the city.
At the end i like Iran because it is my mother land.

angry

I work for an internet company.
at the first monthes i like to work in this company but as the time goes the company get crowd with bad condition.
however i have a good position here i dont like it.
today i argued with my boss since the salary.
they want us to work perfectly,according the low but dont pay well.
anyway they are good people,better than some companies

برداشت های گوناگون بله

اگر یک نظا می بگه بله یعنی بله و اگر بگه نه یعنی نه ولی اگر بگه شاید اون اصلا نظا می نیست.

اگر یک سیاستمدار بگه بله یعنی شاید و اگر بگه شاید یعنی نه ولی اگر بگه نه اون اصلا سیاستمدار نیست.

اگر یک خانم بگه شاید یعنی بله واگر بگه نه یعنی شاید ولی اگر بگه بله اون اصلا خانم نیست.

Research and Enterprise Services - Lancaster University - Intellectual Property Development

The characteristics of a good hospital nurse

Nurses are very hardworking humans in the world,they do their best to take after sick people.There are some features about agood nurse forexample:
first, they must be good tempered because they have to treat patients kindly.
second,they have to be so patient because they should tolerate patient's complain about their pain.
The most important thing about them is their appearance,they have to be neat and clean,inorder not to be sick.
We as usual people have to respect them and give thank to them because of their sense of responsibility and self denial.

WATCHING TV

In these days,a magic box that we call it television has lots of fans,but it has some advantages and disadvantages.A goog example of it's benefit is getting information from news,weather forcasting and so on.An other great use of tv is amusing your child by watching cartoons when you are busy.
Some disadvantages of this magic box are:
First,because it has many different programs like:movies, documentaries,scientific news and other stuff like these,it makes you addicted and wastes your time.
Second,if you watch it from near of it's screen it might damage your eyes.
I think nearly 70percent of people choose tv for spending their free time and entertaining themselves.

Jackie Chan's Biography

Jackie chan was born in Hong Kong in 1954 . Jackie is not his real name ; his real name is chan Kong Sang that means " Born in Hong Kong " . He is an actor , action choreographer , comedian , producer , material artist , screen writer , signer and stunt performer . His patterns are Bruce Lee , Buster Keaton and Harold Lioyd . He speaks Cantonese , Mandarin and English fluently and also speaks some Korean and Japanese , as well as a little Spanish . Chan married Lin Feng Jiao , Taiwaness actress , in 1982 . That same year , they had a son who’s named Jaycee . He is a singer and actor , too .

Mobiles Softwares

There are several types of software for mobiles such as: windows mobile, symbian, linux, java, android and....
but three of them are basic and common.
the first and the strongest type is Windows mobile. Windows mobile is a software that is very similar to
personal computer because it requires to install windows on these kind of mobiles, the other name of them is
pocket pc( pocket personal computer).on this kind of mobiles you are not limited in installing program
and you can find the best windows mobile software on HTC mobiles.
the second type of software is symbian. symbian is a software that is weaker than windows mobile
but you can install fairly strong application on this software.the most famouse company that software of
its product is symbian is NOKIA.
the third type is JAVA, it is very limited in terms of installing application.tis kind of software is very simple
and it is very easy to learn. the most common mobiles that their software is java is Sony Ericsson.
SAEED HAMIDI